Who was Tran Hung Dao?
Tran Hung Dao, whose real name was Tran Quoc Tuan, was a powerful military general during Vietnam’s Tran Dynasty in the 13th century. He led the country through three major invasions by the Mongol Empire—one of the strongest military forces in the world at the time—and played a key role in defending Vietnam’s independence. As a royal prince and brilliant commander, he became a national hero for his victories and loyalty to the country.
Tran Hung Dao is best known for his clever battle strategies and strong leadership, especially in the famous Battle of Bach Dang, where he used hidden spikes in the river to trap and defeat Mongol ships. Today, he is remembered not just as a great general, but also as a lasting symbol of Vietnamese patriotism, strength, and unity.
Life and Legacy – Key Events in Tran Hung Dao’s Life
Early life and background
Tran Hung Dao was born around 1228 into the royal Tran family, with the birth name Tran Quoc Tuan. His father was a prince and a high-ranking official, giving him a privileged but politically tense upbringing. He grew up during the early years of the Tran Dynasty, a time when Vietnam was consolidating its power and preparing for the external threats that would soon arrive.
First Mongol Invasion (1258)
In 1258, the Mongol Empire launched its first invasion of Vietnam. Although Tran Hung Dao was still relatively young, he played a key role in helping organize the Vietnamese resistance. The Tran Dynasty briefly retreated to avoid direct confrontation, then regrouped and successfully pushed the Mongols out after just a few weeks. This marked the beginning of Tran Hung Dao’s rise as a military leader.
Second Mongol Invasion (1285)
The second Mongol invasion in 1285 was far more dangerous, with larger forces and better preparation. Tran Hung Dao used guerilla tactics, surprise attacks, and deep knowledge of the terrain to wear down the invaders. Two of the most important victories came at the Battle of Ham Tu and Battle of Chuong Duong, which severely weakened the Mongol forces. Once again, the invaders were forced to retreat.
Third Mongol Invasion & the Battle of Bach Dang (1288)
In 1288, the Mongols returned for a third and final attempt. This time, Tran Hung Dao orchestrated one of the most famous battles in Vietnamese history—the Battle of Bach Dang River. He planted sharp wooden stakes beneath the river’s surface, then lured the Mongol navy into an ambush during low tide. The strategy worked perfectly, destroying most of the enemy fleet and ending the Mongol threat to Vietnam for good.
Final Years and Death (1300)
After the wars, Tran Hung Dao withdrew from public life but remained deeply respected across the country. He spent his later years writing military strategy and advising the royal court. He died in 1300 at his base in Kiep Bac (now in Hai Duong Province), and was later worshipped as a national saint. Today, he is remembered as a symbol of loyalty, wisdom, and Vietnam’s ability to stand strong against powerful enemies.
Tran Hung Dao in Vietnam Today
Tran Hung Dao is remembered all over Vietnam—not just in history books, but in temples, festivals, and even daily life. His legacy is visible in everything from place names and schools to statues and major national celebrations.
Kiep Bac Temple (Hai Duong)
Kiep Bac Temple, located in Hai Duong Province, was built on the site where Tran Hung Dao once set up his military base. It’s the most famous place of worship dedicated to him and becomes especially important during annual festivals. The temple sits in a quiet valley by the Luc Dau River, surrounded by forested hills, and is considered a sacred place by many Vietnamese people.
Tran Hung Dao Festival
Held around the 20th day of the 8th lunar month, this festival marks the anniversary of Tran Hung Dao’s death. It includes colorful processions, incense offerings, and traditional boat races on the Luc Dau River. The event draws tens of thousands of people each year and is one of the most culturally significant festivals in northern Vietnam.
Statues and Shrines around Vietnam
There are many statues and shrines dedicated to Tran Hung Dao throughout the country. Some of the most well-known are located in Hanoi — including an altar to him inside Ngoc Son Temple on Hoan Kiem Lake — as well as in Ho Chi Minh City (along the Saigon River) and in Nam Dinh, his family’s homeland.
These statues often show him in a commanding pose, sword in hand, watching over the city or river—a symbol of strength and protection.
Mentions in museums and Historical Sites
Tran Hung Dao is featured in several major museums across Vietnam. At the Vietnam Military History Museum in Hanoi, you can find a bronze bust of him along with exhibits about his role in defeating the Mongol invasions. The Vietnam National Museum of History also includes displays related to the Tran Dynasty and the country’s military resistance during that era.
Streets named after him
“Tran Hung Dao” is one of the most common street names in Vietnam, found in almost every major city. These streets are usually central, important roads—another sign of the respect and admiration he holds in Vietnamese society. It’s not uncommon for locals to use “Tran Hung Dao Street” as a reference point when giving directions.
Schools and Institutions
Several high schools, military academies, and public buildings are named after Tran Hung Dao. His legacy is also taught widely in schools, and his story is part of Vietnam’s national curriculum. For many Vietnamese students, Tran Hung Dao is one of the first historical heroes they learn about.
Tran Hung Dao on Vietnamese Currency (Historic)
During the era of South Vietnam, Tran Hung Dao appeared on the 500 Dong banknote issued in 1964.
Other legendary figures in Vietnamese history
Tran Hung Dao is one of many national heroes in Vietnam’s long and complex history. Here are a few others worth knowing:
- Ho Chi Minh – Leader of the Vietnamese independence movement and founder of modern Vietnam. He led the country through the fight against French colonialism and the American war.
- The Trung Sisters – First-century military heroines who led a rebellion against Chinese rule. They are celebrated for their bravery and are among the earliest symbols of national resistance.
- General Vo Nguyen Giap – Brilliant strategist behind Vietnam’s victory at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 and a key military leader during the Vietnam War.
- Ngo Quyen – 10th-century general who defeated the Southern Han Chinese fleet in the original Battle of Bach Dang River in 938, securing Vietnam’s independence.
- Ly Thai To – Founder of the Ly Dynasty and the emperor who moved Vietnam’s capital to Thang Long, now Hanoi, in 1010.
Explore more in our guide: Famous Vietnamese People
